7/30/2023 0 Comments Touchdown pcr microbiomeA shared community file and phylotypes file were generated, using operational taxonomic units (OTUs) binned at 97% identity in mothur (version 1.43.0). Sequence data were processed and analyzed using mothur software according to the standard operating protocol for MiSeq sequence data ( ) minimum sequence length was 250 base pairs. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Michigan approved all protocols. Water and food were changed at minimum every 7 days. In metabolic caging experiments, mice were singly housed in metabolic cages (Tecniplast, West Chester, PA, USA), and food and water (either antibiotic-containing or control) were provided. Unless otherwise noted, mice were housed in static microisolator colony cages at 21☌ with a 12:12-hour light-dark cycle and had ad libitum access to water and standard chow (Envigo Teklad, Indianapolis, IN, USA). Germ-free mice were housed in Tecniplast Iso-Positive Cages (Tecniplast, West Chester, PA, USA) under sterile conditions with sterile food, water, and bedding, and subject to regular culture and periodic control necropsies to ensure germ-free status in accordance with Germ-Free Mouse Core protocols. Germ-free mice were 6–8 week old male and female C57BL/6 mice (both sexes were used due to limited mouse availability) obtained from the University of Michigan Germ-Free Mouse Core (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). A list of organisms excluded from these mice can be found online at. A conceptual model of potential pathways by which antibiotics may alter host metabolism is presented in Fig 1.Ĭonventional mice were 6-8-week old female specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 mice obtained from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME, USA). We therefore designed a series of experiments to determine the relative influence of behavioral aversion and microbiome modulation in driving metabolic tissue weight changes in healthy, antibiotic-treated mice. The relative influence of these off-target effects of antibiotic administration on host metabolism, behavior, and the microbiome are unknown. These off-target effects may confound studies of the microbiome’s role in metabolism, obfuscating the true effects of microbiome modulation on organismal metabolism. However, antibiotics commonly have off-target effects, including food and water aversion, that may indirectly influence metabolism. As such, many investigators use antibiotics as an inexpensive and easily-accessible method of microbiome modulation in animal models. Germ-free and gnotobiotic animals offer investigators complete control over the body’s microbial communities, yet are expensive, difficult to maintain, and not widely available. Investigation of the microbiome’s role in host metabolism requires experimental manipulation of the body’s microbial communities, yet such methods of microbiome modulation remain limited. Further study of the dynamic interplay between microbial and host metabolism holds promise to advance our understanding of human metabolic function and dysfunction. Studies have suggested that the composition of gut bacterial communities may affect obesity, skeletal muscle growth, and the development of diabetes. The microbiome is an important and increasingly-studied contributor to organismal metabolism. ![]() The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. There was no additional external funding received for this study. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The sequence data reported in this paper have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (accession number PRJNA742691).įunding: This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (R01HL144599 to RPD, T32HL007749 to KSB). Received: NovemAccepted: FebruPublished: March 17, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Bongers et al. PLoS ONE 17(3):Įditor: Hans-Joachim Lehmler, University of Iowa, UNITED STATES (2022) Antibiotics cause metabolic changes in mice primarily through microbiome modulation rather than behavioral changes. Citation: Bongers KS, McDonald RA, Winner KM, Falkowski NR, Brown CA, Baker JM, et al.
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